Ellen Phiddian
Cosmos science journalist
The printing press – and a particular manual it printed – played a big role in early modern witch trials, according to a fascinating new study.
Between 1450 and 1750, some 90,000 people were put on trial for being witches across Europe. About 45,000 of these people were executed.
Reasons for the fervour of this “witch craze” are murky. People had believed in witches for centuries, but brutal witch-hunts weren’t nearly as common until the 15th Century.
A study published in Theory and Society uses data on witch trials and witch-hunting publications to suggest that manuals may have been a big contributor.
In particular, they believe the Malleus maleficarum, which was first published in 1487, could explain a lot of the uptick – alongside trials in neighbouring cities.
“Cities weren’t making these decisions in isolation,” says lead author Dr Kerice Doten-Snitker, a postdoctoral fellow at the Santa Fe Institute, USA.
“They were watching what their neighbours were doing and learning from those examples. The combination of new ideas from books and the influence of nearby trials created the perfect conditions for these persecutions to spread.”
The researchers tracked the “ideational diffusion” – the spread of an idea, and behaviours linked to it – of witchcraft by looking at trial data and publication data from 553 cities in Central Europe.
They looked specifically for the publication of witch-hunting manuals, like the Malleus maleficarum.
This book contained a detailed explanation of “demonology” – the theory of witchcraft – as well as practical advice on finding and convicting witches.
“At the time of its appearance, there was only a shaky consensus among learned authorities on the crucial questions of who witches were, what they did, and why they had supernatural powers,” write the researchers in their paper.
“The willingness of [author Heinrich] Kramer to expound confidently on these questions is part of what made Malleus so influential.”
Each new edition of the Malleus maleficarum was linked to an increase in witch trials in the city where it was printed.
“The printing press did not cause the inception of the elaborated theory of witchcraft, but our results show that it fostered its spread,” write the researchers.
The team believes this ideational diffusion can be seen in many other areas.
“The process of adopting witch trials is not unlike how modern governments adopt new policies today,” says Doten-Snitker.
“It often starts with a change in ideas, which are reinforced through social networks. Over time, these ideas take root and change the behaviour of entire societies.”
