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Credit: iStockphoto/totallyjamie Pelotas is a South Brazilian city of marked economic contrasts. At the roadside, thin ponies pull battered carts past bicycles. Along the thoroughfare, motorcycles and smart new cars zoom past them. Some people live in shacks made from plastic bags, others in mansions with yachts moored at their garden's edge. Away from the city centre, small stores still offer cheap staples and vegetables. But closer to the centre, a large supermarket has opened, with an escalator leading up from the car park. This city – where I contribute to epidemiological research on obesity – is also undergoing a marked nutritional transition. In Brazil, between 1973 and 1996, obesity increased from 2.4 to 6.9 per cent in men and from 7.0 to 12.5 per cent in women. The why and the how In simple terms, obesity arises when people consume more energy than they expend, either by eating too much or exercising too little. But obesity remains difficult to counter, and hundreds of research papers have been written on tackling it, mostly from high-income countries. Such studies can easily measure dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity status by simple methods (questionnaires, measuring weight and height) or, nowadays, with sophisticated state-of-the-art body movement recorders and stable isotope probes. Yet obesity becomes ever more prevalent. It's undoubtedly true that economic and cultural transitions affect dietary intake and activity levels. If we measure these changing circumstances, we can see the impact of the growing 'obesogenic niche' – the sum total of environmental factors which collectively predispose to excess weight gain. The problem is that such research risks being simply a witness to the process, telling us what is happening without explaining why. For scientists, the 'why' should be just as important as the 'how'. Commercial cunning What is really driving the obesity epidemic is not increased dietary intake, or decreased activity levels, but the web of economic strategies and commercial interests that cause individual people to change or maintain certain behaviours. The way industry understands and manipulates individuals' behaviour is fundamental to the growth of the obesogenic niche. Heads of industry would probably argue that they are not trying to create an obesity epidemic. Nevertheless, there are enormous profits to be had from obesity. The foods that maximise profit just happen to be those high in sugar or fat. They are cheap to produce, easy to brand and market, and easy to stock in supermarket aisles. And there are numerous ways to encourage people who are pre-obese to buy these foods. Sedentary behaviour is also profitable, and encouraged by industry. A moped is more glamorous than a bicycle. A new computer game will re-invigorate peoples' interest, but not their bodies. Readers' comments |
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the profit from obesity
the writer is bang on ... how does society deal with economic interests that create negative outcomes for society but positive outcomes for the organization?
coca cola generates huge profits, taxes and jobs ... positive outcomes to be sure ... by taking water, adding sugar, flavour & co2 and then packaging, distributing and marketing the stuff ... the result is tooth decay, obesity & diabetes ... never mind lousy advertisements
i don't have the numbers but i would guess that the benefit to society is overall negative ... this is analogous to tobacco and alcohol which are often taxed at higher rates to discourage consumption & compensate for increased costs to the rest of society... carbon taxes are being similarly bandied about to influence our use of fossil fuels
the primary purpose of a commercial enterprise is to make money ... other goals are secondary ... this is fine ... unless the product it produces generates negative outcomes ... then society ie. government and ngo's, has the right and duty to deal with it ... taxes seem to be a popular route but not without huge difficulties including the opposition of the affected and powerful commercial interests
identifying, costing and then taxing these negative outcomes is only one avenue ... education and investment in alternatives such as fitness facilities in this case, hopefully funded by the taxes from the bad guys are also needed
Familiar Argument
This argument has been heard before, that capitalist interests exist the products of which create stimulus for weight gain. As often happens, however, it does not mention other capitalist interests which directly or indirectly utilize or actively promote anti-fat sentiment to sell their products, from weight loss products themselves to cigarettes, clothing, exercise equipment and so on.
All it takes is a sufficiently capital-friendly government, and the tax revenue from commercial activity will fall short of any need to speak of.
As for what is obesogenic, one could argue, and I'm sure some do, that democracy is itself. In an authoritarian system, the ideal is that a citizen is conscripted into military service, is told what to do, and simply does it. In democracy, the ideal is that a citizen maintains information about political matters and becomes involved in crafting of policy. This involves study and debate, which are necessarily sedentary activities. In more base words, you have to sit on your big ass and read texts of initiatives and candidate statements, and talk them over with other people.
If more people become fat, then either there will be an overwhelming demand to make health care a higher priority and to back it up with money, or the population will be shamed by market and government leaders into accepting the idea that they deserve not to be cared for, as far too many "overweight" and "obese" individuals already are by some quite vicious capitalist and government interests.
Gil Scott Heron said it himself, "The revolution will not make you look five pounds thinner."
The Profit From Obesity
Over the past decade there have been numerous attempts to explain the nature of obesity. Some say its a genetic disposition. Some say its a social phenomenon. This article seems to suggest that capitalism is to blame, or at least is partly to blame. This is a tiresome subject, of which the author himself gives a straight-forward answer: we eat more food than we burn in exercise. Why not just blitz America with this insight and be done with it (just as cigarettes have their government health warning). In this way the question of whether obesity is genetic or not is sideskipped.